2020. 2. 22. 09:06ㆍ카테고리 없음
Author.Director, Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research; Forensic DNA Identification Specialist, NSW Health Pathology; Associate Professor, Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology SydneyDisclosure statementJodie Ward does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Partnersprovides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU.The Conversation UK receives funding from these organisationsRepublish our articles for free, online or in print, under Creative Commons licence. The recent case of a surgical implant found has highlighted the challenges forensic scientists face when trying to identify human remains without much evidence to go on.Did the crocodile eat a human with a surgical implant? If so, could the implant — a metal plate and some screws — be used to identify the victim?
Or did the implant come from a dog? Recovered from the stomach of a crocodile: did this metal plate come from a human or dog?Death by crocodile is reasonably rare.
In the past decade, there have been about in Australia, a quarter of which were fatal.Victim identification can be in these cases, unless a body part with a is recovered, such as a medical device with a serial number. It’s just one of a range of potential techniques to put to in Australia.Read more:Forensic examination of human remains is crucial to establish the person’s identity, and cause and manner of death. This way they can have a proper burial, families can get answers, death certificates can be issued and justice can be served.It is essential for identifying,. The big three: fingerprints, teeth, DNAWhen human remains are recovered, are traditionally used to identify who they belong to:., which looks at the skin patterns on the tips of fingers., which looks at the teeth and any dental work, such as crowns and fillings., which looks at DNA profiles recovered from soft or hard body tissues.This information can then be compared to a database of fingerprint, dental or DNA records. Implants and x-rays can also be usefulThe discovery of during an autopsy can also be informative.These include,.
Investigators may be able to link these to patient records via their, including a trade mark, date of manufacture and serial number.In Australia, the and collect and store information that can allow people who have had joint or breast surgery to be identified.But there are no national registers of or implants. Such mandatory records would allow implants to be easily traced back to recipients or surgeons.Forensic scientists can also, such as x-rays or CT scans, taken before and after death.For head images, unique features such as the or the can be compared.Body scans can also be used to look for rarer, such as fractures, amputations or cancer lesions.
Imaging such as x-rays can reveal fractures and surgical implants.These scientific techniques, either individually or in combination, have been successfully used to identify large numbers of or.Computerisation, digitisation and miniaturisation of forensic technologies have further improved the identification process. Now, and can be quickly and easily collected and searched in real time using portable instruments at the scenes of mass disasters.Read more:But there are limitsThese methods are only as good as the information we have from when the person was alive. So if someone doesn’t have their fingerprints on file and hasn’t visited a dentist recently, or if close living relatives aren’t available to provide a DNA reference sample or they’ve never had a CT scan, these methods are likely to be useless.And if a surgical implant doesn’t have unique markings (as in the case of the Queensland crocodile), it makes the task extremely difficult.So forensic scientists need to explore other methods. Clues from tattoos and bonesDistinctive physical features like such as and, could help identify someone.Custom tattoos helped identify the victim of the famous 1935 “” and following the.A can also study a set of skeletal remains to reveal a lot about that person when they were living — including their sex, ancestry, stature, age, disease and any fatal injuries.of teeth and bone could tell us when that person was born and died. And the sample’s could indicate the region where they were born, lived for long periods or recently travelled. It can even identify what they ate.Scientists can also if a skull is found.
New DNA intelligence toolsBeyond routine DNA testing to determine someone’s sex or relatives, more are showing promise for piecing together an image of a missing person. New DNA tools can now predict someone’s physical appearance from a single bone.DNA can now be used to predict someone’s. But using DNA to accurately estimate and is still some way off.is also growing in popularity for identifying (unidentified females).
This is where investigators search a public DNA database of results, looking for genetic links to the DNA from the remains.Other countries may consider adopting this technique for their cases, as long as the database owners agencies to keep using the data to identify people.Read more:The value of ‘body farms’Human taphonomic facilities, such as the, study the science of how bodies decompose. These facilities, often called “”, are for developing new forensic identification techniques.
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